London's public transit card is the Oyster card.
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London uses the Oyster card. Tapping a contactless debit/credit card or phone is now easier than buying an Oyster card for most visitors — fares are automatically capped daily.
You can buy it at Tube stations, newsagents, or just tap a contactless card/phone directly.
Usually yes — it's typically faster than buying paper tickets and often cheaper per ride, even for just a couple of days.
In some cities you can tap a contactless card or phone directly, though it's worth checking current signage or the transit authority's site, since not every system supports it yet.